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Advances in electron beam technology have been central to creating thecurrent generation of x-ray free electron lasers and ultra-fast electronmicroscopes. These once exotic devices have become essential tools for basicresearch and applied science. One important beam technology for both is theelectron source which, for many of these instruments, is the photocathode gun.The invention of the photocathode gun and the concepts of emittancecompensation and beam matching in the presence of space charge and RF forceshave made these high-quality beams possible. Achieving even brighter beamsrequires taking a finer resolution view of the electron dynamics near thecathode during photoemission and the initial acceleration of the beam. Inaddition, the high-brightness beam is more sensitive to degradation by theoptical aberrations of the gun's field and the magnetic lenses. This paperdiscusses these topics including the beam properties due to photoemissionphysics, space charge effects close to the cathode, and optical distortionsintroduced by the RF and solenoid fields. Analytic relations for thesephenomena are derived and compared with numerical simulations.

Sources of Emittance in RF Photocathode Injectors: Intrinsic emittance, space charge forces due to non-uniformities, RF and solenoid effects