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The results of a comprehensive statistical analysis of gender systematics inthe time allocation process at European Southern Observatory (ESO) arepresented. The sample on which the study is based includes more than 13000Normal and Short proposals, submitted by about 3000 principal investigators(PI) over eight years. The genders of PIs, and of the panel members of theObserving Programmes Committee (OPC), were used, together with their careerlevel, to analyse the grade distributions and the proposal success rates.Proposals submitted by female PIs show a significantly lower probability ofbeing allocated time. The proposal success rates (defined as number of topranked runs over requested runs) are 16.0$\pm$0.6% and 22.0$\pm$0.4% forfemales and males, respectively. To a significant extent the disparity isrelated to different input distributions in terms of career level. Theseniority of male PIs is significantly higher than that of female PIs, withonly 34% of the female PIs being professionally employed astronomers (comparedto 53% for male PIs). A small, but statistically significant, gender-dependentbehaviour is measured for the OPC referees: both genders show the samesystematics, but they are larger for males than females. The PI female/malefraction is very close to 30/70; although far from parity, the fraction ishigher than that observed, for instance, among IAU membership.

Gender Systematics in Telescope Time Allocation at ESO