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Critical branching is a theoretical interaction in-between simple units, suchas neuronal elements of the human brain. Zhigalov, Kaplan, and Palva (2016,Clin. Neurophysiol., 127(8), 2882-2889) revealed that neurofeedback flashstimulation locked to the phase of high-amplitude occipital alpha influencesstimulus-locked occipital averages in the alpha-band. This feedback alsoinfluences the power scaling of long-range temporal correlations in alpha-bandamplitude fluctuations. Seemingly, neurofeedback influences critical branchingalongside there being an interaction between ongoing neuronal activity andevoked responses. However, the causal relations between these neuronallong-range temporal correlations, sustained attention, and any avalanchedynamics are called into question. Further, uncorrected concerns include falsediscovery rate and an objective mathematical error in the precedent (Palva etal., 2013, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(9), 3585-3590). An alternative setof illustrative mathematical principles offers a preliminary fit to the effectsin the data. That is, neurofeedback influences the deterministic contributionto the single-trial event-related potentials, which each flash evokes,separately from the oscillatory alpha gain that those flashes cause.Accordingly, distinct principles of this neurofeedback-related exponentialoccipital oscillatory alpha gain and deterministic event-related potentialgeneration produce micro-behaviours with macroscale consequences: neurofeedbackcausally influences power-scaling of long-range temporal correlations withoutcritical branching.

Can Occipital Alpha Neurofeedback Influence LTRCs and Deterministic ERPs without Critical Branching?