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New challenges have emerged from the integration of renewable energy sourceswithin the conventional electrical grid which powers base stations (BS).Energy-aware traffic offloading brings a promising solution to maintain theuser performance while reducing the carbon footprint. Focusing on downlinkcellular networks consisting of on-grid, off-grid and hybrid BSs, we propose anovel power-aware biased cell association where each user independentlypartitions BSs into two sets and applies different association biases for each,depending on the type of power, renewable or not, that can be requested forservice. The gain provided by such strategy regarding the probability of poweroutage and the average grid power consumption is investigated. To capture theirdual nature, the bias applied for association with a hybrid BS is not constantamong users nor over time, and is dynamically tailored to the fluctuations ofthe BS battery level, the user power requirement and the estimated powerconsumed to serve other users potentially associated with the same BS. Suchapproach allows to efficiently share the available energy among BSs and turnshigh heterogeneity in the BS powering into advantage.

Availability-Aware Cell Association for Hybrid Power Supply Networks with Adaptive Bias