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5G networks are expected to be highly energy efficient, with a 10 times lowerconsumption than today's systems. An effective way to achieve such a goal is toact on the backhaul network by controlling the nodes operational state and theallocation of traffic flows. To this end, in this paper we formulateenergy-efficient flow routing on the backhaul network as an optimizationproblem. In light of its complexity, which impairs the solution in large-scalescenarios, we then propose a heuristic approach. Our scheme, named EMMA, aimsto both turn off idle nodes and concentrate traffic on the smallest possibleset of links, which in its turn increases the number of idle nodes. Weimplement EMMA on top of ONOS and derive experimental results by emulating thenetwork through Mininet. Our results show that EMMA provides excellent energysaving performance, which closely approaches the optimum. In larger networkscenarios, the gain in energy consumption that EMMA provides with respect tothe simple benchmark where all nodes are active, is extremely high, reachingalmost 1 under medium-low traffic load.

Energy-efficient Traffic Allocation in SDN-based Backhaul Networks: Theory and Implementation