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We theoretically investigate an ensemble of three-level room-temperatureatoms in a two-mode optical cavity, focusing on the case of counterpropagatinglight fields. We find that in the limit of large detunings the problem admitsrelatively simple and intuitive solutions. When a classical field drives one ofthe transitions, the system becomes equivalent to an ensemble of two-levelatoms with suppressed Doppler broadening. In contrast, when the same transitionis driven with a single photon, the system collectively behaves like a singletwo-level atom. This latter result is particularly relevant in the context ofquantum nonlinear optics.

Collective excitations using a room-temperature gas of 3-level atoms in a cavity