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We construct directed and weighted climate networks based on near surface airtemperature to investigate the global impacts of El Nino and La Nina. We findthat regions which are characterized by higher positive or negative network inweighted links, are exhibiting stronger correlations with the El Nino basin andare warmer or cooler during El Nino or La Nina periods. These strongerin-weighted activities are found to be concentrated in localized areas, ascompared to non-El Nino periods, whereas a large fraction of the globe is notinfluenced by the events. The regions of localized activity vary from one ElNino (La Nina) event to another; still some El Nino (La Nina) events are moresimilar to each other. We quantify this similarity using network communitystructure. The results and methodology reported here may be used to improve theunderstanding and prediction of El Nino or La Nina events and also may beapplied in the investigation of other climate variables.

Climate network suggests enhanced El Ni\~no global impacts in localized areas