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In a free-electron laser equipped with variable-gap undulator modules, thetechnique of undulator tapering opens up the possibility to increase theradiation power beyond the initial saturation point, thus enhancing theefficiency of the laser. The effectiveness of the enhancement relies on theproper optimization of the taper profile. In this work, a multidimensionaloptimization approach is implemented empirically in the x-ray free-electronlaser FLASH2. The empirical results are compared with numerical simulations.

Empirical Optimization of Undulator Tapering at FLASH2 and Comparison with Numerical Simulations