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Air-gapped computers are disconnected from the Internet physically andlogically. This measure is taken in order to prevent the leakage of sensitivedata from secured networks. In the past, it has been shown that malware canexfiltrate data from air-gapped computers by transmitting ultrasonic signalsvia the computer's speakers. However, such acoustic communication relies on theavailability of speakers on a computer. In this paper, we present'DiskFiltration,' a covert channel which facilitates the leakage of data froman air-gapped compute via acoustic signals emitted from its hard disk drive(HDD). Our method is unique in that, unlike other acoustic covert channels, itdoesn't require the presence of speakers or audio hardware in the air-gappedcomputer. A malware installed on a compromised machine can generate acousticemissions at specific audio frequencies by controlling the movements of theHDD's actuator arm. Digital Information can be modulated over the acousticsignals and then be picked up by a nearby receiver (e.g., smartphone,smartwatch, laptop, etc.). We examine the HDD anatomy and analyze itsacoustical characteristics. We also present signal generation and detection,and data modulation and demodulation algorithms. Based on our proposed method,we developed a transmitter on a personal computer and a receiver on asmartphone, and we provide the design and implementation details. We alsoevaluate our covert channel on various types of internal and external HDDs indifferent computer chassis and at various distances. With DiskFiltration wewere able to covertly transmit data (e.g., passwords, encryption keys, andkeylogging data) between air-gapped computers to a smartphone at an effectivebit rate of 180 bits/minute (10,800 bits/hour) and a distance of up to twometers (six feet).

DiskFiltration: Data Exfiltration from Speakerless Air-Gapped Computers via Covert Hard Drive Noise