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Advances in healthcare and in the quality of life significantly increasehuman life expectancy. With the ageing of populations, new un-faced challengesare brought to science. The human body is naturally selected to bewell-functioning until the age of reproduction to keep the species alive.However, as the lifespan extends, unseen problems due to the body deteriorationemerge. There are several age-related diseases with no appropriate treatment;therefore, the complex ageing phenomena needs further understanding.Immunosenescence, the ageing of the immune system, is highly correlated to thenegative effects of ageing, such as the increase of auto-inflammatory diseasesand decrease in responsiveness to new diseases. Besides clinical andmathematical tools, we believe there is opportunity to further exploitsimulation tools to understand immunosenescence. Compared to real-worldexperimentation, benefits include time and cost effectiveness due to thelaborious, resource-intensiveness of the biological environment and thepossibility of conducting experiments without ethic restrictions. Contrastedwith mathematical models, simulation modelling is more suitable forrepresenting complex systems and emergence. In addition, there is the beliefthat simulation models are easier to communicate in interdisciplinary contexts.Our work investigates the usefulness of simulations to understandimmunosenescence by employing two different simulation methods, agent-based andsystem dynamics simulation, to a case study of immune cells depletion with age.

Juxtaposition of System Dynamics and Agent-based Simulation for a Case Study in Immunosenescence