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In this paper, we design an association scheme to maximize the sum energyefficiency for massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) enabledheterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). Considering that the final formulatedproblem is in a sum-of-ratio form, we first need to transform it into aparametric nonfractional form, by which we can achieve its solution through atwo-layer iterative algorithm. The outer layer searches the energy efficiencyparameters and multipliers associated with signal-interference-plus-noise-ratio(SINR) constraints using Newton-like method, and the inner layer optimizes theassociation indices using Lagrange multiplier method. In fact, the inner layerdoesn't need iterative steps when the SINR constraints are not involved in theoriginal problem, and then the whole algorithm should be a one-layer iterativeone. As for the two-layer iterative algorithm, we also give the correspondingconvergence proof. Numerical results show that the proposed schemesignificantly outperforms the existing one in system throughput and networkenergy efficiency. In addition, we also investigate the impacts of the numberof massive antennas and the transmit power of each pico base station on theseassociation performances.

User Association with Maximizing Sum Energy Efficiency for Massive MIMO Enabled Heterogeneous Cellular Networks