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Duderstadt et al. [2016b] comment that the Melott et al. [2016] study ofnitrate formation by solar proton events (SPEs) and comparison with the icecore archive is "fundamentally flawed," because it does not includepre-existing HNO3 in the stratosphere. We show that they exaggerate both theenhancement predicted by our findings and pre-industrial HNO3 levels in theirmodel, and fail to prove this assertion. Our feasibility study matched expectedSPE nitrate production with ground truth measurements. It is not clear thattheir approach is more realistic and absence of a detailed mechanism does notdisprove our results. Models can be no better than the information they areprovided and in this case there continue to be significant unknowns anduncertainties, especially in the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) andpossible interactions with cosmic rays that constitute lower boundaryconditions. Duderstadt et al. [2014; 2016a] used incomplete, poorly-constrainedand incorrect initial and boundary conditions, and they continue to advocate onthe basis of uncertain results. Meanwhile, Smart et al. [2014] identified aseries of ice core nitrate spikes that have since been confirmed in 10Be byMcCracken and Beer [2015]. Melott et al. [2016] computationally reproduced theionization profile of the only major balloon measurements to date. We show thatour calculated nitrate enhancement is consistent with measured results, givencurrent levels of uncertainty, and that extreme SPEs can potentially produceoccasional nitrate spikes with hundreds of percent increases. Instead ofrepeating old arguments to dismiss nitrates as proxies of SPEs, it is past timefor a dedicated, fine-resolution, multi-parameter, replicate ice core fieldcampaign to resolve this debate.

Reply to comment by K.A. Duderstadt et al. on "Atmospheric ionization by  high-fluence, hard spectrum solar proton events and their probable appearance  in the ice core archive"