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Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an innovative quantum communicationsprotocol which exploits the laws of quantum mechanics to generateunconditionally secure cryptographic keying material between two geographicallyseparated parties. The unique nature of QKD shows promise for high-securityapplications such as those found in banking, government, and militaryenvironments. However, QKD systems contain implementation non-idealities whichcan negatively impact their performance and security.In particular, QKD systemsoften employ the decoy state protocol to improve system throughput and mitigatethe threat of Photon Number Splitting (PNS) attacks. In this work, a detailedanalysis of the decoy state protocol is conducted which optimizes bothperformance in terms of quantum throughput and security with respect todetecting PNS attacks. The results of this study uniquely demonstrate that thedecoy state protocol can ensure PNS attacks are detected with high confidence,while maximizing the secure key generation rate at no additional cost.Additionally, implementation security guidance is provided for QKD systemdevelopers and users.

Optimizing Decoy State Enabled Quantum Key Distribution Systems to  Maximize Quantum Throughput and Detect Photon Number Splitting Attacks with  High Confidence