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Nonlinear plant-scale interactions controlling the soil-water balance aregenerally not valid at larger spatial scales due to spatial heterogeneity inrainfall and vegetation type. The relationships between spatially averagedvariables are hysteretic even when unique relationships are imposed at theplant scale. The characteristics of these hysteretic relationships depend onthe size of the averaging area and the spatial properties of the soil,vegetation, and rainfall. We upscale the plant-scale relationships to the scaleof a regional land-surface model based on simulation data obtained throughexplicit representation of spatial heterogeneity in rainfall and vegetationtype. The proposed upscaled function improves predictions of spatially averagedsoil moisture and evapotranspiration relative to the effective-parameterapproach for a water-limited Texas shrubland. The degree of improvement is afunction of the scales of heterogeneity and the size of the averaging area. Wealso find that single-valued functions fail to predict spatially averagedleakage accurately. Furthermore, the spatial heterogeneity results inscale-dependent hysteretic relationships for the statistical-dynamic andMontaldo & Albertson approaches.

Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity in Rainfall and Vegetation Type on Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration