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Violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems well belowthe thermodynamic limit has already been experimentally observed. However, theeffects of such violations on experimentally measurable quantities have notbeen studied in detail. Here we report the effect of transient violations,i.e., spontaneous transfer of heat from cold to hot objects, on heat transferin silicon nanowire by modeling the violations as a Poisson process. Ourmodeling and simulations show that it is increasingly difficult to cool downthe nanoscale objects to the bath temperature, there is a transition from powerlaw to exponential behavior, and the fluctuations have inverse square lawdependence on number of sites.

Modeling the effect of transient violations of the second law of thermodynamics on heat transfer in silicon nanowire