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WPA2-Personal is widely used to protect Wi-Fi networks against illicitaccess. While attackers typically use GPUs to speed up the discovery of weaknetwork passwords, attacking random passwords is considered to quickly becomeinfeasible with increasing password length. Professional attackers may thusturn to commercial high-end FPGA-based cluster solutions to significantlyincrease the speed of those attacks. Well known manufacturers such as Elcomsofthave succeeded in creating world's fastest commercial FPGA-based WPA2 passwordrecovery system, but since they rely on high-performance FPGAs the costs ofthese systems are well beyond the reach of amateurs. In this paper, we presenta highly optimized low-cost FPGA cluster-based WPA-2 Personal password recoverysystem that can not only achieve similar performance at a cost affordable byamateurs, but in comparison our implementation would also be more than 5 timesas fast on the original hardware. Since the currently fastest system is notonly significantly slower but proprietary as well, we believe that we are thefirst to present the internals of a highly optimized and fully pipelined FPGAWPA2 password recovery system. In addition, we evaluated our approach withrespect to performance and power usage and compare it to GPU-based systems. Toassess the real-world impact of our system, we utilized the well known WigleWi-Fi network dataset to conduct a case study within the country and its borderregions. Our results indicate that our system could be used to break into eachof more than 160,000 existing Wi-Fi networks requiring 3 days per network onour low-cost FPGA cluster in the worst case.

Efficient High-Speed WPA2 Brute Force Attacks using Scalable Low-Cost FPGA Clustering [Extended Version]