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We present a study on two key characteristics of human syntactic annotations:anchoring and agreement. Anchoring is a well known cognitive bias in humandecision making, where judgments are drawn towards pre-existing values. Westudy the influence of anchoring on a standard approach to creation ofsyntactic resources where syntactic annotations are obtained via human editingof tagger and parser output. Our experiments demonstrate a clear anchoringeffect and reveal unwanted consequences, including overestimation of parsingperformance and lower quality of annotations in comparison with human-basedannotations. Using sentences from the Penn Treebank WSJ, we also reportsystematically obtained inter-annotator agreement estimates for Englishdependency parsing. Our agreement results control for parser bias, and areconsequential in that they are on par with state of the art parsing performancefor English newswire. We discuss the impact of our findings on strategies forfuture annotation efforts and parser evaluations.

Anchoring and Agreement in Syntactic Annotations