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Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has gained enormous popularity in theneuroimaging community over the past few years. At the group level, most MVPAstudies adopt an "information based" approach in which the sign of the effectof individual subjects is discarded and a non-directional summary statistic iscarried over to the second level. This is in contrast to a directional"activation based" approach typical in univariate group level analysis, inwhich both signal magnitude and sign are taken into account. The transitionfrom examining effects in one voxel at a time vs. several voxels (univariatevs. multivariate) has thus tacitly entailed a transition from directional tonon-directional signal definition at the group level. While a directionalgroup-level MVPA approach implies that individuals have similar multivariatespatial patterns of activity, in a non-directional approach each individual mayhave a distinct spatial pattern. Using an experimental dataset, we show thatdirectional and non-directional group-level MVPA approaches uncover distinctbrain regions with only partial overlap. We propose a method to quantify thedegree of spatial similarity in activation patterns over subjects. Applied toan auditory task, we find higher values in auditory regions compared to controlregions.

What's in a pattern? Examining the Type of Signal Multivariate Analysis Uncovers At the Group Level