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With current tools and technology, someone who has physical access to a chipcan extract the detailed layout of the integrated circuit (IC). By usingadvanced visual imaging techniques, reverse engineering can reveal details thatare meant to be kept secret, such as a secure protocol or novel implementationthat offers a competitive advantage. A promising solution to defend againstreverse engineering attacks is IC camouflaging. In this work, we propose a newcamouflaging technique based on the threshold voltage of the transistors. Werefer to these cells as threshold dependent camouflaged cells. Our work differsfrom current commercial solutions in that the latter use look-alike cells, withthe assumption that it is difficult for the reverse engineer to identify thecell's functionality. Yet, if a structural distinction between cells exists,then these are still vulnerable, especially as reverse engineers use moreadvanced and precise techniques. On the other hand, the proposed thresholddependent standard cells are structurally identical regardless of the cells'functionality. Detailed circuit simulations of our proposed threshold dependentcamouflaged cells demonstrate that they can be used to cost-effectively androbustly camouflage large netlists. Corner analysis of process, temperature,and supply voltage (PVT) variations show that our cells operate as expectedover all PVT corners simulated.

Threshold-Dependent Camouflaged Cells to Secure Circuits Against Reverse Engineering Attacks