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In this paper we revisit hybrid analog-digital precoding systems withemphasis on their modelling and radio-frequency (RF) losses, to realisticallyevaluate their benefits in 5G system implementations. For this, we decomposethe analog beamforming networks (ABFN) as a bank of commonly used RF componentsand formulate realistic model constraints based on their S-parameters.Specifically, we concentrate on fully-connected ABFN (FC-ABFN) and Butlernetworks for implementing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the RFdomain. The results presented in this paper reveal that the performance andenergy efficiency of hybrid precoding systems are severely affected, oncepractical factors are considered in the overall design. In this context, wealso show that Butler RF networks are capable of providing better performancesthan FC-ABFN for systems with a large number of RF chains.

Hybrid Analog-Digital Precoding Revisited under Realistic RF Modeling