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As is well known, the sound-speed profile has significant effects onunderwater acoustic sound propagation. These effects can be quantified bynormal-mode models, for example. The basic case is a laterally homogeneousmedium, for which the sound speed and the density depend on depth only and noton horizontal position. Effects of horizontal medium-parameter variation can bequantified by coupled-mode models, with coupling between mode expansions forlaterally homogeneous parts of the medium. In the present paper, these effectsare illustrated for media with a particularly simple horizontal parametervariation such that mode shapes do not vary with horizontal position. The modalwavenumbers depend on horizontal position, however. At a vertical interfacebetween regions with laterally homogeneous medium parameters, each mode isreflected as well as transmitted. For the media considered, reflection andtransmission coefficients can be computed separately for each mode without modecoupling, and this is done recursively, stepping through the laterallyhomogeneous regions in appropriate order. Continuous-wave as well as pulsecomputations are used to illustrate frequency-dependent reflections from ridgesand diffraction into shadow zones behind islands, for example.

Simple illustrations of range-dependence and 3-D effects by normal-mode sound propagation modelling