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Reducing wake losses in wind farms by deflecting the wakes through turbineyawing has been shown to be a feasible wind farm controls approach.Nonetheless, the effectiveness of yawing depends not only on the degree of wakedeflection but also on the resulting shape of the wake. In this work, thedeflection and morphology of wakes behind a wind turbine operating in yawedconditions are studied using wind tunnel experiments of a wind turbine modeledas a porous disk in a uniform inflow. First, by measuring velocitydistributions at various downstream positions and comparing with prior studies,we confirm that the non-rotating wind turbine model in yaw generates realisticwake deflections. Second, we characterize the wake shape and make firstobservations of what is termed a curled wake, displaying significant spanwiseasymmetry. The wake curling observed in the experiments is also reproducedqualitatively in large eddy simulations using both actuator disk and actuatorline models. When a wind turbine is yawed for the benefit of downstreamturbines, the asymmetric shape of the wake must be taken into account since itaffects how much of it intersects the downstream turbines.

Wake Structure of Wind Turbines in Yaw under Uniform Inflow Conditions