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We present large scale and detailed analysis of the microscopic empiricaldata of the traffic flow, focusing on the non-linear interactions between thevehicles when the traffic is congested. By implementing a "renormalisation"procedure that averages over relatively unimportant factors, we extract theeffective dependence of the acceleration on the vehicle headway, velocity andrelative velocity, that characterises not just a few vehicles but the trafficsystem as a whole. Several interesting features of the detailedvehicle-to-vehicle interactions are revealed, including the stochasticdistribution of human responses, relative importance of non-linear terms indifferent density regimes, symmetric response to the relative velocity, and theinsensitivity of the acceleration to the velocity within a certain headway andvelocity range. The latter leads to a multitude of steady-states without afundamental diagram, showing strong evidence of the "synchronised phase",substantiated with additional microscopic details. We discuss the richness ofthe available data for the understanding of the human driving behaviours, andits usefulness in construction and calibration of both deterministic andstochastic microscopic traffic models.

Microscopic Statistical Characterisation of the Congested Traffic Flow and Some Salient Empirical Features