English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

In this paper, we experimentally investigate the statistical distribution ofintensity fluctuations for underwater wireless optical channels under differentchannel conditions, namely fresh and salty underwater channels with and withoutair bubbles. To do so, we first measure the received optical signal with alarge number of samples. Based on the normalized acquired data the channelcoherence time and the fluctuations probability density function (PDF) areobtained for different channel scenarios. Our experimental results show thatsalt attenuates the received signal while air bubbles mainly introduce severeintensity fluctuations. Moreover, we observe that log-normal distributionprecisely fits the acquired data PDF for scintillation index ($\sigma^2_I$)values less than $0.1$, while Gamma-Gamma and K distributions aptly predict theintensity fluctuations for $\sigma^2_I>1$. Since neither of these distributionsare capable of predicting the received irradiance for $0.1<\sigma^2_I<1$, wepropose a combination of an exponential and a log-normal distributions toperfectly describe the acquired data PDF for such regimes of scintillationindex.

Statistical Distribution of Intensity Fluctuations for Underwater Wireless Optical Channels in the Presence of Air Bubbles