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Synapses are functional links between neurons, through which "information"flows in the neural network. These connections vary significantly in strength,typically resulting from the intrinsic heterogeneity in their chemical andbiological properties. Such heterogeneity is fundamental to the diversity ofneural activities, which together with other features of the brain enablesfunctions ranging from perception and recognition, to memory and reasoning.Realizing such heterogeneity in synaptic electronics is critical towardsbuilding artificial neural network with the potential for achieving the levelof complexity in biological systems. However, such intrinsic heterogeneity hasbeen very challenging to realize in current synaptic devices. Here, wedemonstrate the first black phosphorus (BP) synaptic device, which offersintrinsic anisotropy in its synaptic characteristics directly resulting fromits low crystal symmetry. The charge transfer between the 2-nm native oxide ofBP and the BP channel is utilized to achieve the synaptic behavior. Keyfeatures of biological synapses such as long-term plasticity withheterogeneity, including long-term potentiation/depression andspike-timing-dependent plasticity, are mimicked. With the anisotropic BPsynaptic devices, we also realize a simple compact heterogeneousaxon-multi-synapses network. This demonstration represents an important steptowards introducing intrinsic heterogeneity to artificial neuromorphic systems.

Anisotropic Black Phosphorus Synaptic Device for Neuromorphic Applications