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We present theoretical and experimental studies of the elastic response offibrous networks subjected to uniaxial strain. Uniaxial compression orextension is applied to extracellular networks of fibrin and collagen using ashear rheometer with free water in/outflow. Both axial stress and the networkshear modulus are measured. Prior work [van Oosten et al., Scientific Reports,2015, 6, 19270] has shown softening/stiffening of these networks undercompression/extension, together with a nonlinear response to shear, but theorigin of such behaviour remains poorly understood. Here, we study how uniaxialstrain influences the nonlinear mechanics of fibrous networks. Using acomputational network model with bendable and stretchable fibres, we show thatthe softening/stiffening behaviour can be understood for fixed lateralboundaries in 2D and 3D networks with comparable average connectivities to theexperimental extracellular networks. Moreover, we show that the onset ofstiffening depends strongly on the imposed uniaxial strain. Our studyhighlights the importance of both axial strain and boundary conditions indetermining the mechanical response of hydrogels.

Elasticity of fibrous networks under axial prestress