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Avalanche control by explosion is a widely applied method to minimize theavalanche risk to infrastructure in snow-covered mountain areas. However, themechanisms involved leading from an explosion to the release of an avalancheare not well understood. Here we test the hypothesis that weak layers fail dueto the stress caused by propagating acoustic waves. The underlying mechanism isthat the stress induced by the acoustic waves exceeds the strength of the snowlayers. We compare field measurements to a numerical simulation of acousticwave propagation in a porous material. The simulation consists of an acousticdomain for the air above the snowpack and a poroelastic domain for the drysnowpack. The two domains are connected by a wave field decomposition and openpore boundary conditions. Empirical relations are used to derive a porous modelof the snowpack from density profiles of the field experiment. Biot's equationsare solved in the poroelastic domain to obtain simulated accelerations in thesnowpack and a time dependent stress field. Locations of snow failure wereidentified by comparing the principal normal and shear stress fields to snowstrength which is assumed to be a function of snow porosity. One air pressuremeasurement above the snowpack was used to calibrate the pressure amplitude ofthe source in the simulation. Additional field measurements of air pressure andacceleration measurements inside the snowpack were compared to individual fieldvariables of the simulation. The acceleration of the air flowing inside thepore space of the snowpack was identified to have the highest correlation tothe acceleration measurements in the snowpack.

Numerical simulation of wave propagation and snow failure from explosive loading