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The hominid-specific non-LTR retrotransposon termed SINE VNTR Alu (SVA) isthe youngest of the transposable elements in the human genome. The propagationof the most ancient SVA type A took place about thirteen millions years agoago, and the youngest SVA types appeared in the human genome after thechimpanzee divergence. Functional enrichment analysis of genes associated withSVA insertions demonstrated their strong link to multiple ontologicalcategories attributed to brain function and the disorders. SVA types thatexpanded their presence in the human genome at different stages of hominoidlife history were also associated with progressively evolving behaviouralfeatures that indicated a potential impact of SVA propagation on a cognitiveability of a modern human. The SVA-associated genes were highly cross-linked infunctional networks suggesting an accumulative impact of functional alterationspotentially caused by SVA insertions. Our analysis uncovered a potential roleof SVAs in evolution of human CNS and especially emergence of functional trendsrelevant to social and parental behaviour. It also supports models whichexplain in part how brain function can be modulated by both the immune andreproductive systems based on the gene expression patterns and gene pathwayspotentially altered by SVA insertions.

Primate specific retrotransposons, SVAs, in the evolution of networks that alter brain function