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Hierarchical ring networks, which hierarchically connect multiple levels ofrings, have been proposed in the past to improve the scalability of ringinterconnects, but past hierarchical ring designs sacrifice some of the keybenefits of rings by introducing more complex in-ring buffering and bufferedflow control. Our goal in this paper is to design a new hierarchical ringinterconnect that can maintain most of the simplicity of traditional ringdesigns (no in-ring buffering or buffered flow control) while achieving highscalability as more complex buffered hierarchical ring designs. Our design,called HiRD (Hierarchical Rings with Deflection), includes features that allowus to mostly maintain the simplicity of traditional simple ring topologieswhile providing higher energy efficiency and scalability. First, HiRD does nothave any buffering or buffered flow control within individual rings, andrequires only a small amount of buffering between the ring hierarchy levels.When inter-ring buffers are full, our design simply deflects flits so that theycircle the ring and try again, which eliminates the need for in-ring buffering.Second, we introduce two simple mechanisms that provides an end-to-end deliveryguarantee within the entire network without impacting the critical path orlatency of the vast majority of network traffic. HiRD attains equal or betterperformance at better energy efficiency than multiple versions of both aprevious hierarchical ring design and a traditional single ring design. We alsoanalyze our design's characteristics and injection and delivery guarantees. Weconclude that HiRD can be a compelling design point that allows higher energyefficiency and scalability while retaining the simplicity and appeal ofconventional ring-based designs.

Achieving both High Energy Efficiency and High Performance in On-Chip Communication using Hierarchical Rings with Deflection Routing