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Optimization of three-dimensional road alignments is a nonlinear non-convexoptimization problem. The development of models that fully optimize athree-dimensional road alignment problem is challenging due to numerous factorsinvolved and complexities in the geometric specification of the alignment. Inthis study, we developed a novel bi-objective optimization approach to solve athree dimensional road alignment problem where the horizontal and verticalalignments are optimized simultaneously. Two conflicting cost objectivefunctions, \emph{earthwork} cost and the \emph{utility} cost, are cast in abi-objective optimization problem. We numerically compare severalmulti-objective optimization solvers, and find that it is possible to determinethe Pareto front in a reasonable time.

A bi-objective optimization framework for three-dimensional road alignment design