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Graphene has been recognized as an attractive two-dimensional material forfundamental research and wide applications in electronic and photonic devicesowing to its unique properties. The technologies to modulate the properties ofgraphene are of continuous interest to researchers in multidisciplinary areas.Herein, we report on the first experimental observation of the layer-to-layercompression and enhanced optical properties of few-layer graphene nanosheets byapplying the irradiation of energetic ion beams. After the irradiation, thespace between the graphene layers was reduced, resulting in a tighter contactbetween the few-layer graphene nanosheet and the surface of the substrate. Thisprocessing also enhanced the interaction between the graphene nanosheets andthe evanescent-field wave near the surface, thus reinforcing thepolarization-dependent light absorption of the graphene layers (with 3-foldpolarization extinction ratio increment). Utilizing the ion-irradiated graphenenanosheets as saturable absorbers, the passively Q-switched waveguide lasingwith considerably improved performances was achieved, owing to the enhancedinteractions between the graphene nanosheets and evanescent field of light. Theobtained repetition rate of waveguide laser was up to 2.3 MHz with a pulseduration of 101 ns.

Layer compression and enhanced optical properties of few-layer graphene nanosheets induced by ion irradiation