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Multipathing in communication networks is gaining momentum due to itsattractive features of increased reliability, throughput, fault tolerance, andload balancing capabilities. In particular, wireless environments anddatacenters are envisioned to become largely dependent on the power ofmultipathing for seamless handovers, virtual machine (VM) migration and ingeneral, pooling less proficient resources together for achieving overall highproficiency. The transport layer, with its knowledge about end-to-end pathcharacteristics, is well placed to enhance performance through betterutilization of multiple paths. Realizing the importance of transport-layermultipath, this paper investigates the modernization of traditional connectionestablishment, flow control, sequence number splitting, acknowledgement, andflow scheduling mechanisms for use with multiple paths. Since congestioncontrol defines a fundamental feature of the transport layer, we study theworking of multipath rate control and analyze its stability and convergence. Wealso discuss how various multipath congestion control algorithms differ intheir window increase and decrease functions, their TCP-friendliness, andresponsiveness. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth surveypaper that has chronicled the evolution of the transport layer of the Internetfrom the traditional single-path TCP to the recent development of the modernmultipath TCP (MPTCP) protocol. Along with describing the history of thisevolution, we also highlight in this paper the remaining challenges andresearch issues.

The Past, Present, and Future of Transport-Layer Multipath