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Analyses of a set of 47 fossil and 4 modern skulls using phylogeneticgeometric morphometric methods corroborate and refine earlier results. Theseinclude evidence that the African Iwo Eleru skull, only about 12,000 years old,indeed represents a new species of near human. In contrast, the earliest knownanatomically modern human skull, Qafzeh 9, the skull of Eve fromIsrael/Palestine, is validated as fully modern in form. Analyses clearly showevidence of archaic introgression into Gravettian, pre_Gravettian, Qafzeh, andUpper Cave (China) populations of near modern humans, and in about that orderof increasing archaic content. The enigmatic Saldahna (Elandsfontein) skullemerges as a probable first representative of that lineage, which exclusive ofNeanderthals that, eventually lead to modern humans. There is also evidencethat the poorly dated Kabwe (Broken Hill) skull represents a much earlierdistinct lineage. The clarity of the results bode well for quantitativestatistical phylogenetic methods making significant inroads in the stalematesof paleoanthropology.

Expanded Distance-based Phylogenetic Analyses of Fossil Homo Skull Shape Evolution