English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

A fundamental issue discussed in evolutionary biology is the transition fromunicellular to multicellular organisms. Here we develop non-robust modelsprovided in [1] and attempt to get robust models investigated howdifferentiation of types and energy constraints influence on the optimalbehavior of colonies with different size. Constructed models show that eachlarge-sized colony with high initial costs of reproduction tends to fullspecialization, no matter are all cells in this colony identical or are therecells with different types in this colony. The level of type's diversitydetermines the number of cells specialized in soma. In small - sized colonieswith low initial costs of reproduction, when type's diversity is week, anunspecialized state may bring colony some benefits. However, these benefits maybe only local and in optimum in the colony some cells would be specialized,others - unspecialized. The amount of specialized cells in small - sized colonydepends on the level of type's diversity in this colony. Adding energyconstraint, we may receive robust models even in convex case. In optimum, thecolony with different types of cells and energy restriction may be indifferentbetween some optimal patterns of states. Arbitrary chosen cell may be soma orgerm in some states or may be unspecialized in other. Moreover, in each optimalstate levels of fecundity and viability of each cell lie in limited ranges.This result reflects the fact that some cell in the colony may lose thepotential ability to achieve, for example, high level of fecundity, but doesnot lose the possibility to perform a reproductive function at all. It meansthat provided model can describe organisms, which represents the intermediatebetween unspecialized colonies and full-specialized multicellular organisms.

Life history evolution and the origin of multicellularity:  differentiation of types, energy constraints, non-linear curvatures of  trade-off functions