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In practical situations, calculating approximations of concepts is thecentral step for knowledge reduction of dynamic covering decision informationsystem, which has received growing interests of researchers in recent years. Inthis paper, the second and sixth lower and upper approximations of sets indynamic covering information systems with variations of coverings are computedfrom the perspective of matrix using incremental approaches. Especially,effective algorithms are designed for calculating the second and sixth lowerand upper approximations of sets in dynamic covering information systems withthe immigration of coverings. Experimental results demonstrate that thedesigned algorithms provide an efficient and effective method for constructingthe second and sixth lower and upper approximations of sets in dynamic coveringinformation systems. Two examples are explored to illustrate the process ofknowledge reduction of dynamic covering decision information systems with thecovering immigration.

Incremental approaches to knowledge reduction of covering decision information systems with variations of coverings