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We present that surface two-plasmon resonance (STPR) in electron plasma sheetproduced by femtosecond laser irradiating metal surface is the self-formationmechanism of periodic subwavelength ripple structures. Peaks of overdenseelectrons formed by resonant two-plasmon wave pull bound ions out of the metalsurface and thus the wave pattern of STPR is "carved" on the surface by Coulombablation (removal) resulting from the strong electrostatic field induced bycharge separation. To confirm the STPR model, we have performed analogicalcarving experiments by two laser beams with perpendicular polarizations. Theresults explicitly show that two wave patterns of STPR are independently carvedon the exposure area of target surface. The time-scale of ablation dynamics andthe electron temperature in ultrafast interaction are also verified bytime-resolved spectroscopy experiment and numerical simulation, respectively.The present model can self-consistently explain the formation of subwavelengthripple structures even with spatial periods shorter than half of the laserwavelength, shedding light on the understanding of ultrafast laser-solidinteraction.

Mechanism for femtosecond laser-induced periodic subwavelength structures on solid surface: surface two-plasmon resonance