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Scholars, policymakers, and research sponsors have long sought to understandthe conditions under which scientific research is used in the policymakingprocess. Recent research has identified a resource that can be used to tracethe use of science across time and many policy domains. US federal agencies aremandated by executive order to justify all economically significant regulationsby regulatory impact analyses (RIAs), in which they present evidence of thescientific underpinnings and consequences of the proposed rule. To gain newinsight into when and how regulators invoke science in their policyjustifications, we ask: does the political attention and controversysurrounding a regulation affect the extent to which science is utilized inRIAs? We examine scientific citation activity in all 101 economicallysignificant RIAs from 2008-2012 and evaluate the effects of attention -- fromthe public, policy elites and the media -- on the degree of science use inRIAs. Our main finding is that regulators draw more heavily on scientificresearch when justifying rules subject to a high degree of attention fromoutside actors. These findings suggest that scientific research plays animportant role in the justification of regulations, especially those that arehighly salient to the public and other policy actors.

Science Use in Regulatory Impact Analysis: The Effects of Political Attention and Controversy