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This paper addresses the energy-saving problem for the downlink ofheterogeneous networks, which aims at minimizing the total base stations (BSs)power consumption while each user's rate requirement is supported. The basicidea of this work is to make use of the flexibility and scalability of thesystem such that more benefits can be gained by efficient resource management.This motivates us to propose a flexible BS power consumption model, which cancontrol system resources, such as antennas, frequency carriers and transmitpower allocation in an energy efficient manner rather than the "on/off" binarysleep mode for BSs. To denote these power-saving modes, we employ the groupsparsity of the transmit power vector instead of the {0, 1} variables. Based onthis power model, a semi-dynamic green resource management mechanism isproposed, which can jointly solve a series of resource management problems,including BS association, frequency carriers (FCs) assignment, and the transmitpower allocation, by group sparse power control based on the large scale fadingvalues. In particular, the successive convex approximation (SCA)-basedalgorithm is applied to solve a stationary solution to the original non-convexproblem. Simulation results also verify the proposed BS power model and thegreen resource management mechanism.

Semi-dynamic Green Resource Management in Downlink Heterogeneous Networks by Group Sparse Power Control