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Wireless Physical Layer Identification (WPLI) system aims at identifying orclassifying authorized devices based on the unique Radio Frequency Fingerprints(RFFs) extracted from their radio frequency signals at the physical layer.Current works of WPLI focus on demonstrating system feasibility based onexperimental error performance of WPLI with a fixed number of users. While animportant question remains to be answered: what's the user number that WPLI canaccommodate using different RFFs and receiving equipment. The user capacity ofthe WPLI can be a major concern for practical system designers and can also bea key metric to evaluate the classification performance of WPLI. In this work,we establish a theoretical understanding on user capacity of WPLI in aninformation-theoretic perspective. We apply information-theoretic modeling onRFF features of WPLI. An information-theoretic approach is consequentlyproposed based on mutual information between RFF and user identity tocharacterize the user capacity of WPLI. Based on this theoretical tool, theachievable user capacity of WPLI is characterized under practical constrains ofoff-the-shelf receiving devices. Field experiments on classification errorperformance are conducted for the validation of the information-theoretic usercapacity characterization.

User Capacity of Wireless Physical-layer Identification: An Information-theoretic Perspective