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In this paper, we propose simple and novel complex modulation techniques thatexploit the spatial domain to transmit complex-valued modulation symbols invisible light wireless communication. The idea is to use multiple lightemitting diodes (LEDs) to convey the real and imaginary parts of a complexmodulation symbol and their sign information, or, alternately, to convey themagnitude and phase of a complex symbol. The proposed techniques are termed as{\em quad-LED complex modulation (QCM)} and {\em dual-LED complex modulation(DCM)}. The proposed QCM scheme uses four LEDs (hence the name `quad-LED');while the magnitudes of the real and imaginary parts are conveyed throughintensity modulation of LEDs, the sign information is conveyed through spatialindexing of LEDs. The proposed DCM scheme, on the other hand, exploits thepolar representation of a complex symbol; it uses only two LEDs (hence the name`dual-LED'), one LED to map the magnitude and another LED to map the phase of acomplex modulation symbol. These techniques do not need Hermitian symmetryoperation to generate LED compatible positive real transmit signals. We presentzero-forcing and minimum distance detectors and their performance for QCM-OFDMand DCM-OFDM. We further propose another modulation scheme, termed as SM-DCM{\em (spatial modulation-DCM)} scheme, which brings in the advantage of spatialmodulation (SM) to DCM. The proposed SM-DCM scheme uses two DCM BLOCKs with twoLEDs in each BLOCK, and an index bit decides which among the two BLOCKs will beused in a given channel use. We study the bit error rate (BER) performance ofthe proposed schemes through analysis and simulations. Using tight analyticalBER upper bounds and spatial distribution of the received signal-to-noiseratios, we compute and plot the achievable rate contours for a given target BERin QCM, DCM, and SM-DCM.

Quad-LED and Dual-LED Complex Modulation for Visible Light Communication