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There is growing interest in lowering the energy consumption of computation.Energy transparency is a concept that makes a program's energy consumptionvisible from software to hardware through the different system layers. Suchtransparency can enable energy optimizations at each layer and between layers,and help both programmers and operating systems make energy aware decisions.The common methodology of extracting the energy consumption of a program isthrough direct measurement of the target hardware. This usually involvesspecialized equipment and knowledge most programmers do not have. In thispaper, we examine how existing methods for static resource analysis and energymodeling can be utilized to perform Energy Consumption Static Analysis (ECSA)for deeply embedded programs. To investigate this, we have developed ECSAtechniques that work at the instruction set level and at a higher level, theLLVM IR, through a novel mapping technique. We apply our ECSA to acomprehensive set of mainly industrial benchmarks, including single-threadedand also multi-threaded embedded programs from two commonly used concurrencypatterns, task farms and pipelines. We compare our ECSA results to hardwaremeasurements and predictions obtained based on simulation traces. We discuss anumber of application scenarios for which ECSA results can provide energytransparency and conclude with a set of new research questions for future work.

On the Value and Limits of Multi-level Energy Consumption Static Analysis for Deeply Embedded Single and Multi-threaded Programs