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Here we present a commentary on the role of small-scale (e.g., few tens ofmeters) wave-particle interactions in large-scale (e.g., few tens ofkilometers) processes and their capacity to accelerate particles from thermalto suprathermal or even to cosmic-ray energies. The purpose of this commentaryis to provoke thought and further investigation into the relative importance ofelectromagnetic waves in the global dynamics of many macroscopic systems. Wespecifically focus on the terrestrial radiation belts and collisionless shockwaves as examples.

On the role of wave-particle interactions in the macroscopic dynamics of collisionless plasmas