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This white paper discusses how a "next-generation" Very Large Array (ngVLA)operating in the frequency range 1-116 GHz could be a groundbreaking tool tostudy the detailed astrophysics of the "matter cycle" in the Milky Way andother galaxies. If optimized for high brightness sensitivity, the ngVLA wouldbring detailed microwave spectroscopy and modeling of the full radio spectralenergy distribution into regular use as survey tools at resolutions of 0.1- 1arcseconds. This wavelength range includes powerful diagnostics of density,excitation, and chemistry in the cold ISM, as well as multiple tracers of therate of recent star formation, the magnetic field, shocks, and properties ofthe ionized ISM. We highlight design considerations that would make thisfacility revolutionary in this area, the foremost of which is a large amount ofcollecting area on ~km-length baselines. We also emphasize the strong case forharnessing the large proposed collecting area of the ngVLA for very longbaseline applications as part of the core design. This would allow measurementsof the three dimensional space motions of galaxies to beyond the Local Groupand mapping of the Milky Way out to the far side of the disk. Finally, wediscuss the gains from the proposed combination of very high resolution andsensitivity to thermal emission, which include observing the feeding of blackholes and resolving forming protoclusters.

Next Generation Very Large Array Memo No. 7 Science Working Group 2: "Galaxy Ecosystems": The Matter Cycle in and Around Galaxies