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The extreme traffic load that future wireless networks are expected toaccommodate requires a re-thinking of the system design. Initial estimationsindicate that, different from the evolutionary path of previous cellulargenerations that was based on spectral efficiency improvements, the mostsubstantial amount of future system performance gains will be obtained by meansof network infrastructure densification. By increasing the density ofoperator-deployed infrastructure elements, along with incorporation ofuser-deployed access nodes and mobile user devices acting as "infrastructureprosumers", it is expected that having one or more access nodes exclusivelydedicated to each user will become feasible, introducing the ultra densenetwork (UDN) paradigm. Although it is clear that UDNs are able to takeadvantage of the significant benefits provided by proximal transmissions andincreased spatial reuse of system resources, at the same time, large nodedensity and irregular deployment introduce new challenges, mainly due to theinterference environment characteristics that are vastly different fromprevious cellular deployments. This article attempts to provide insights onfundamental issues related to UDN deployment, such as determining theinfrastructure density required to support given traffic load requirements andthe benefits of network-wise coordination, demonstrating the potential of UDNsfor 5G wireless networks.

Ultra Dense Networks: The New Wireless Frontier for Enabling 5G Access