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Connectivity is probably the most basic building block of the Internet ofThings (IoT) paradigm. Up to know, the two main approaches to provide dataaccess to the \emph{things} have been based either on multi-hop mesh networksusing short-range communication technologies in the unlicensed spectrum, or onlong-range, legacy cellular technologies, mainly 2G/GSM, operating in thecorresponding licensed frequency bands. Recently, these reference models havebeen challenged by a new type of wireless connectivity, characterized bylow-rate, long-range transmission technologies in the unlicensed sub-GHzfrequency bands, used to realize access networks with star topology which arereferred to a \emph{Low-Power Wide Area Networks} (LPWANs). In this paper, weintroduce this new approach to provide connectivity in the IoT scenario,discussing its advantages over the established paradigms in terms ofefficiency, effectiveness, and architectural design, in particular for thetypical Smart Cities applications.

Long-Range Communications in Unlicensed Bands: the Rising Stars in the IoT and Smart City Scenarios