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The alternating earlywood and latewood growth ring structure has a stronginfluence on the mechanical performance of Norway spruce. In the current study,tensile tests in the longitudinal and tangential directions were performed on aseries of specimens representing one growth ring at varying relativehumidities. All tested mechanical parameters, namely modulus of elasticity andultimate tensile stress, followed the density distribution in the growth ring,with the minimum values in earlywood and the maximum values in latewood. Thesamples were conditioned at three the relative humidities 50%, 65% and 95%.With increasing relative humidity, the values of the mechanical parameters werefound to decrease. However, due to the high local variability, this decreasewas not statistically significant. The test in the tangential direction on aset of earlywood and latewood specimens at 65% relative humidity revealed asimilar limit of linear elasticity for both early- and latewood. Where thestrength of both tissues was equal, the strain at failure was significantlygreater for earlywood. Furthermore, the portion of the non-linear stress/strainbehavior for earlywood was significantly greater. A Weibull analysis on theultimate tensile strength revealed a tissue-independent Weibull modulus, whichindicates similar defect distributions. For both, the failure occurred in themiddle lamella.

Mechanical Properties of Norway Spruce: Intra-Ring Variation and Generic Behavior of Earlywood and Latewood until Failure