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Battery-free sensor networks have emerged as a promising solution to conquerthe lifetime limitation of battery-powered systems. In this paper, we study asensor network built from battery-free sensor nodes which harvest energy fromradio frequency (RF) signals transmitted by RF-based chargers, e.g., radiofrequency identification (RFID) readers. Due to the insufficiency of harvestedenergy, the sensor nodes have to work in duty cycles to harvest enough energybefore turning active and performing tasks. One fundamental issue in this kindof network design is how to deploy the chargers to ensure that the battery-freenodes can maintain a designated duty cycle for continuous operation. Based on anew wireless recharge model, we formulate the charger placement problem fornode's duty cycle guarantee as a constrained optimization problem. We developboth greedy and efficient heuristics for solving the problem and validate oursolutions through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that theproposed particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based divide-and-conquer approachcan effectively reduce the number of chargers compared with the greedyapproach.

RF-Based Charger Placement for Duty Cycle Guarantee in Battery-Free Sensor Networks