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Recently, the focus of complex networks research has shifted from theanalysis of isolated properties of a system toward a more realistic modeling ofmultiple phenomena - multilayer networks. Motivated by the prosperity ofmultilayer approach in social, transport or trade systems, we propose theintroduction of multilayer networks for language. The multilayer network oflanguage is a unified framework for modeling linguistic subsystems and theirstructural properties enabling the exploration of their mutual interactions.Various aspects of natural language systems can be represented as complexnetworks, whose vertices depict linguistic units, while links model theirrelations. The multilayer network of language is defined by three aspects: thenetwork construction principle, the linguistic subsystem and the language ofinterest. More precisely, we construct a word-level (syntax, co-occurrence andits shuffled counterpart) and a subword level (syllables and graphemes) networklayers, from five variations of original text (in the modeled language). Theobtained results suggest that there are substantial differences between thenetworks structures of different language subsystems, which are hidden duringthe exploration of an isolated layer. The word-level layers share structuralproperties regardless of the language (e.g. Croatian or English), while thesyllabic subword level expresses more language dependent structural properties.The preserved weighted overlap quantifies the similarity of word-level layersin weighted and directed networks. Moreover, the analysis of motifs reveals aclose topological structure of the syntactic and syllabic layers for bothlanguages. The findings corroborate that the multilayer network framework is apowerful, consistent and systematic approach to model several linguisticsubsystems simultaneously and hence to provide a more unified view on language.

Multilayer Network of Language: a Unified Framework for Structural Analysis of Linguistic Subsystems