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Recently, cellular networks are severely overloaded by social-based services,such as YouTube, Facebook and Twitter, in which thousands of clients subscribea common content provider (e.g., a popular singer) and download his/her contentupdates all the time. Offloading such traffic through complementary networks,such as a delay tolerant network formed by device-to-device (D2D)communications between mobile subscribers, is a promising solution to reducethe cellular burdens. In the existing solutions, mobile users are assumed to bevolunteers who selfishlessly deliver the content to every other user inproximity while moving. However, practical users are selfish and they willevaluate their individual payoffs in the D2D sharing process, which may highlyinfluence the network performance compared to the case of selfishless users. Inthis paper, we take user selfishness into consideration and propose a networkformation game to capture the dynamic characteristics of selfish behaviors. Inthe proposed game, we provide the utility function of each user and specify theconditions under which the subscribers are guaranteed to converge to a stablenetwork. Then, we propose a practical network formation algorithm in which theusers can decide their D2D sharing strategies based on their historicalrecords. Simulation results show that user selfishness can highly degrade theefficiency of data offloading, compared with ideal volunteer users. Also, thedecrease caused by user selfishness can be highly affected by the cost ratiobetween the cellular transmission and D2D transmission, the access delays, andmobility patterns.

Social Data Offloading in D2D-Enhanced Cellular Networks by Network Formation Games