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This paper considers a downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systemwhere the source intends to transmit independent information to the users attargeted data rates under statistical channel state information at thetransmitter. The problem of outage balancing among the users is studied withthe issues of power allocation, decoding order selection, and user groupingbeing taken into account. Specifically, with regard to the max-min fairnesscriterion, we derive the optimal power allocation in closed-form and prove thecorresponding optimal decoding order for the elementary downlink NOMA system.By assigning a weighting factor for each user, the analytical results can beused to evaluate the outage performance of the downlink NOMA system undervarious fairness constraints. Further, we investigate the case with usergrouping, in which each user group can be treated as an elementary downlinkNOMA system. The associated problems of power and resource allocation amongdifferent user groups are solved. The implementation complexity issue of NOMAis also considered with focus on that caused by successive interferencecancellation and user grouping. The complexity and performance tradeoff isanalyzed by simulations, which provides fruitful insights for the practicalapplication of NOMA. The simulation results substantiate our analysis and showconsiderable performance gain of NOMA when compared with orthogonal multipleaccess.

Outage Balancing in Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access With Statistical Channel State Information